Article provided by Ms Safina Ali, ENT Consultant
Thyroid cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck. Although thyroid cancer is less common than other cancers, its incidence has been rising in recent years. Early detection and treatment are crucial for successful outcomes.
Understanding Thyroid Cancer
The thyroid gland plays an essential role in regulating metabolism, heart rate and body temperature by producing hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid cancer occurs when abnormal cells begin to grow uncontrollably in the thyroid gland. While many thyroid nodules (lumps in the thyroid) are benign, some can be malignant.
Thyroid cancer is generally divided into several types:
- Papillary: the most common type, accounting for about 80% of cases. It tends to grow slowly and often spreads to lymph nodes in the neck.
- Follicular: the second most common type, it grows slowly and may spread to nearby lymph nodes and blood vessels.
- Medullary: less common and often associated with genetic factors. It can be more aggressive than papillary or follicular types.
- Anaplastic: a rare and aggressive form of thyroid cancer that is difficult to treat.
Symptoms of Thyroid Cancer
While thyroid cancer may not always cause symptoms in its early stages, there are several warning signs to be aware of:
- A Lump in the Neck
One of the most common symptoms of thyroid cancer is a lump or swelling in the neck. This lump may feel firm and is usually painless. While many neck lumps are benign, a persistent or rapidly growing lump should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.
- Changes in the Voice
Thyroid cancer can affect the vocal cords, leading to changes in your voice. If you notice persistent hoarseness or a change in voice that doesn’t improve after a few weeks, it’s important to get it checked. Hoarseness is particularly concerning if it occurs without a clear reason, such as a cold or laryngitis.
- Difficulty Swallowing
As a thyroid tumor grows, it can press against the esophagus, making it difficult to swallow (dysphagia). This can feel like food is getting stuck in your throat or that it’s difficult to swallow liquids.
- Difficulty Breathing
A large thyroid tumor can also press on the windpipe, causing difficulty breathing or a feeling of pressure in the neck. If you experience shortness of breath, especially when lying flat, it’s important to seek medical attention.
- Persistent Cough
A chronic cough that isn’t associated with a cold or other respiratory infection could be a sign of thyroid cancer. This cough may be dry and persistent, and it may not go away with typical treatments for coughs.
- Neck Pain
While less common, some people with thyroid cancer may experience pain in the neck or throat that doesn’t go away. The pain can sometimes radiate up to the ears.
- Swollen Lymph Nodes
Thyroid cancer can spread to the lymph nodes in the neck, causing them to become swollen. Swollen lymph nodes may feel firm or rubbery and usually aren’t painful.
If you have any of these symptoms and are concerns about your health, it’s always best to get checked by a medical professional as soon as possible.
Risk Factors for Thyroid Cancer
While anyone can develop thyroid cancer, certain factors can increase your risk, such as:
- Gender and Age: Thyroid cancer is more common in women than men, and is often diagnosed in people between the ages of 30 and 60.
- Family History: A family history of thyroid cancer or other thyroid conditions can increase your risk.
- Radiation Exposure: Previous exposure to radiation, especially to the head and neck area, is a known risk factor.
- Genetic Factors: Certain genetic syndromes, such as familial medullary thyroid cancer or multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), increase the risk of developing thyroid cancer.
When to See a Doctor
If you notice any of the symptoms mentioned , it’s important to consult with a healthcare professional, especially if the symptoms persist for more than a few weeks. While many of these symptoms can be caused by other less serious conditions, it’s crucial to rule out the possibility of thyroid cancer.
During a consultation your doctor may perform a physical examination, blood tests to check thyroid function, imaging studies such as an ultrasound and possibly a fine-needle aspiration biopsy to examine cells from the thyroid nodule.
Thyroid cancer is often treatable, especially when detected early. Being aware of the early warning signs and understanding your risk factors are essential steps in protecting your health.
If you notice any of the symptoms discussed and are concerned about your health, speak to our team about booking an appointment with Ms Safina Ali, ENT Consultant, for an in-depth consultation.
