Article written by ENT Consultant, Ms Safina Ali.
In the UK, sinus complaints are common with estimates suggesting around 10-15% of the population experience sinusitis or other related sinus issues each year. Additionally, approximately 1 in 7 people in the UK suffer from chronic sinusitis, otherwise known as rhinosinusitis, a condition where sinus inflammation lasts for more than 12 weeks.
What are sinuses?
Your sinuses act as a built in air humidifier by dampening the air you breathe before it reaches the lungs. They are air-filled cavities located within the skull and connected to the nasal passages. The main role of the sinuses is to produce mucus that helps trap dust, bacteria and other particles to protect against infections.
What are the most common sinus infections?
- Sinusitis (Sinus Infection): An inflammation or infection of the sinuses which is often caused by a viral or bacterial infection, allergies or a blockage of the sinuses. Most cases of sinusitis will be considered acute and last for a couple of weeks (usually 7-10 days)
- Chronic Sinusitis (Rhinosinusitis): Symptoms can persist for 12 weeks or longer and may be recurrent, often due to ongoing inflammation or bacterial infections.
- Sinus Congestion: A blockage or swelling of the sinuses, often due to a cold, flu or allergies.
What causes sinus issues?
- Infections: Viral infections (like the common cold) are the most common cause of sinusitis. Bacterial infections may develop after a viral infection.
- Allergies: Allergens like pollen, dust mites or pet dander can cause sinus inflammation.
- Nasal Polyps: Growths in the nasal passages can block airflow and drainage from the sinuses.
- Deviated Septum: A crooked nasal septum can restrict sinus drainage and lead to infections.
- Environmental Factors: Smoking, pollution or dry air can irritate the sinuses.
What are the common symptoms of problematic sinuses?
- Nasal congestion or stuffiness
- Facial pain or pressure (especially around the eyes, forehead, and cheeks)
- Headaches or migraines
- Thick nasal discharge (which may be yellow or green in color)
- Post-nasal drip (mucus dripping down the back of the throat)
- Coughing or sore throat
- Loss of smell or taste
- Fatigue or a feeling of general discomfort
- Bad breath (halitosis)
What are the treatment options for sinus infections?
- Medications: Over-the-counter decongestants, antihistamines, nasal saline sprays and corticosteroid nasal sprays can help alleviate symptoms. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed by a GP for bacterial sinus infections.
- Home Remedies: Steam inhalation, warm compresses, staying hydrated and using a humidifier can help relieve congestion and discomfort.
- Surgery: In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to correct structural issues like a deviated septum or remove nasal polyps.
How can you prevent recurring sinus issues?
- Avoid allergens and irritants
- Use a humidifier to keep the air moist, especially in dry environments.
- Stay hydrated to keep mucus thin and flowing.
- Practice good hygiene to reduce the risk of infections.
- Use saline nasal sprays or rinse your sinuses with a neti pot to clear out irritants or mucus.
When should you see a doctor?
Sinus issues are very common and most people experience them at some point in their lives. Many cases are mild and can be treated with home remedies or over-the-counter medications, but more persistent or severe symptoms may require expert treatment.
If you are concerned about your sinus health, get in touch with our team to find out more about our Ear, Nose & Throat (ENT) service, or to book an appointment with an ENT Consultant for expert advice.
